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Continente: Europa

País: Rusia

Localización: Astracán

Año:

Estado: Terminado

Descripción:The Astrakhan Kremlin

The Astrakhan Kremlin is the main sight of alive chronicle, individual historical architectural reserve – museum. It seems that its construction has a pressed history of the region.

In XVI cent. the stone construction was the new affair for people. Defense fortifying was traditionally erected by wooden buildings materials. The construction of Astrakhan Kremlin began, when the capital of Russia – Moscow was strengthened by stone walls and towers. Astrakhan was the second town where was built the Kremlin. It was the pictorial rendition the military – political force of Russia Government.

The stone Astrakhan Kremlin, built on the place of wooden – land constructions, is the wonderful monument of russian defense fortification of the architecture XVI cent., it was the mighty construction for that time. All achievements in military science that time were used in oder to do this stronghold unassailable.

Walls and towers had many ranks of embrasures, which allowed to endure the high strength of «fire battle» - such look of russian architectural fortification was applied at first time. The embrasures into the walls were made for shooting at a middle distance, and front risen towers enabled effort an opportunity to shoot in all directions.

The managers of building works were specially sent from Moscow. The stone fortifications wasn't chip. The funds was marked out from all revenues of many Volga region towns. As concerned scales, it was all – russian construction, which was building for seven years (1582-1589). Brick served the main material for creation of the Kremlin.

This Kremlin was built by model of Moscow Kremlin, emboding the strong force and fame of russian tsar. The Astrakhan Kremlin was differed from Moscow one. Having by plan the form of elongated triangle on south – east, Kremlin was suitable to local places. The walls thickness varied 2,8-5,2 m, and their high 7-11,3 m. The walls were fortified by three-four-and-five domed towers. Some of them didn't have the exit such as (Archiereyskaya tower, Artillereyskaya tower, Pitochnaya and Krimskaya towers), other tower (Krasnie,Nikolskie, Prechistenskie gates) had the exit, higher towers reached 12-17 m. with the thickness 3-3,5 m. In the sentry tower was a guard ring. The angle towers stepped forth, with their help one could strike a blow to the enemy.

The Astrakhan towers were joined the thought out system of passes, and they could protect people even after Kremlin's capture by enemy.

Archiereyskaya tower, Artillereyskaya tower, Pitochnaya and Krimskaya towers are the oldest towers of Kremlin.

Russian Government seriously related to building such stone constructions, thinking their useful.

From west side the second stronghold of the town sided with the Kremlin. It was the White Town (the district of modern street «Esplanadnaya, Aladjina, Lenina). Its territory was in three times more than the territory of the Kremlin and had the form of pentagon. In 1631 year it was trimmed by stone walls with towers, there was developing trade. Late to south from the Kremlin appeared the third town fortification – «Zenlyanoy (earth) town», circled with earth mound. The town turned into unassailable stronghold.

Architectural ensemble includes itself seven towers joined bricked cogged walls, presented a complex fortification construction, Uspensky cathedral of Moscow baroque architecture with a large place of execution and Nikolskaya church.

Kremlin got a modern configuration in the first part of XVII cent. The true decoration of Astrakhan Kremlin are Uspensky and Troizky Cathedrals.

Today the Astrakhan Kremlin is not only historical symbol of the town but also the working cultural center: there are the school of culture, the museum of ethnography and musical school. The Astrakhan Kremlin is a monument of federal meaning.

There is an exposition «the Astrakhan Kremlin – is the model of military – engineering art of XVI cent.» in the tower «Krasnie gate»

The Artillery yard is an interesting historical object of XVI cent. Here you may find some exposition « Architecture of Old Astrakhan» and «the History of Shipbuilding».

http://www.russia-travel.ws/regions/Astrakhan_Kremlin/

Astrakhan Kremlin (Russian: Астраханский кремль) is a fortress in Astrakhan, Russia. Located on river island, on the most high hill, washed by Volga, Kutum, Tsarev and narrow anabranch Cossack’s.

For centuries, the Astrakhan Kremlin was inapproachable stronghold in the south- eastern border of the Russia. Series of historical events are related to the fortress: the Crimean Turkish hiking on the lower Volga in the XVI century, the " Troubles " in Russia and the peasant uprising led by Stepan Razin in the XVII, the transformation of the tsar Peter the Great Period, revolt of archers in 1705-1706, development of the Caspian navy in the XVIII century, the reinforcement of the country's borders and entry into a part of Russian territories of the Caucasus and Central Asia. In 1552, Tsar Ivan IV conquered the Kazan Khanate. Four years later, Russian troops took Astrakhan. When the Middle and Lower Volga Region was joined, Moscow department acquired access to the Caspian Sea, in the new lands began to emerge and strengthen the Russian city. The first construction of the Kremlin began in 1587- 1588 under the guidance of sapper, a lector of Discharge Order – I.G. Vorodkov. He laid the first wooden fortress with powerful solid walls and towers. The place of construction was chosen on the hill, known as “Rabbit” or “Zayachii” in Russian. It was definitely the best place to build the fortress, because from the west and the north the hill was surrounded by the Volga River, and south and east – by lakes and marshes. During the reign of Ivan IV The Terrible and Boris Godunov the wooden fortress was rebuild into a stone one. For the development of Kremlin walls and towers state-owned official masters were headed from Moscow to Astrakhan. The chiefs of creation and planning of stone fortress were Mikhail Ivanovich Veliyaminov, Grigorii Ovcin and lecturer Dei Gubastii. For best results executives used the old, but very strong Tatar plinths which were brought from the ruins of the cities of the Golden Horde towns. Stone citadel was built by the type of Moscow Kremlin.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Kremlin

The Astrakhan Kremlin is a markworthy monument of military and engineering art of building of the second half of XVI century and of the orthodox church architecture of XVII-XVIII centuries.

In 1558 a wooden Kremlin was built. Construction of stone fortification of Astrakhan Kremlin started during the reign of Ivan the Terrible and it was completed during reign of Fedor Ioanovich with participation of Boris Godunov. Walls and eight towers were erected in the period of 1582 - 1589. The project of the stone Kremlin was approved in Moscow and Moscow specialists Mikhail Velyaminov, Grigoriy Ovzin and government official Dey Gubasty headed reconstruction of the Kremlin. The configuration of the Kremlin was dictated by a local natural landscape. The Kremlin planform is a right-angled triangle with walls of 3-3,5 m thickness and 7-1 1,3 m height. The whole length of walls is 1554 m, total area of the Kremlin is 11 hectares and these parameters are kept up to our days.

Initially the Kremlin walls had 8 towers and 7 of them are preserved to our days. Three towers have passages and four other are blind: Red Gate, Nikolskay Gate, Prechistenskie Gate, Ordnance tower (or "Torture"), Arkhireyskaya, Zhitnaya, Krymskaya (Crimean). The real embellishments of the Kremlin are unique orthodox temples: the Cathedral of the Assumption, Trinity Cathedral (1 568) with adjoined Refectory Camber of former Trinity monastery (lost), Kirill's Chapel (1 677), Over-the-gate Nikolskaya Church (1738) and the Cathedral bell tower (80 m height, 1910).

The Assumption Cathedral of the Astrakhan Kremlin is considered by right as one of the best pieces of the Russian church architecture of the early XVIII century. During his visit to Astrakhan in 1722 Emperor Peter the Great expressed admiration for the exquisitely decorated five-domed Assumption Cathedral: "In the whole of my empire,- Peter said, - there is not a single cathedral as beautiful as this one".

Just after construction of the Kremlin walls a military garrison, the building of Administrative Chamber, Voevode's mansion had been placed there. In XVIII century the Govemor Palace, Metropolitan's Chambers, the Govemor Chancery and 131 dwelling houses were built in the Kremlin. In early 1720 all these dwelling houses were taken out from the Kremlin and during the period of 1806 - 1813 only officer houses, barracks and other buildings for Astrakhan garrison were constructed there.

In the middle of XX century the military garrison was withdrew from the territory of Astrakhan Kremlin and the garrison service buildings adjacent to the wall were pulled down, but the house of officership front rooms preserved, in general, its primary appearance up to date. The guard- house erected in 1808 in the center of the Kremlin exists now and in spite of some inside re- planning it keeps the historical value as an object of original construction of the stone Kremlin.

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5368/

Astracán1 (también escrito Astrakán, Astrakhán o Astraján, en ruso: А́страхань, Ástrajan; tártaro: Ästerxan) es una importante ciudad del sur de la Rusia europea y centro administrativo del óblast de Astracán. Astracán es la principal base naval de la Flota del Mar Caspio de la Armada de la Federación Rusa.

Geografía

La ciudad se encuentra a orillas del río Volga, cerca de su desembocadura en el mar Caspio. Se calcula que su población, en 2004 era de 502.800 habitantes. La ciudad se asienta sobre once islas, ocupando una superficie de 500 km², y se divide en cuatro distritos.

Clima

La ciudad presenta una temperatura promedio en enero de -5 °C y en julio de 38 °C, y una precipitación anual promedio de 230 mm.2

Historia

En Astracán hay un kremlin (ciudadela) construido hacia 1580, una catedral de principios del siglo XVIII, y una universidad. La ciudad fue fundada probablemente en el siglo XII, en época de las dinastías mogolas siendo un kanato independiente hasta que en 1556 Iván IV conquistó Astracán, abriendo todo el Volga al tráfico de mercancías rusas, lo que convirtió la ciudad en un importante centro comercial. Sirvió a Pedro I como base (1722-1723) en sus campañas contra Persia.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracán

http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=102342614

http://www.fotoprizer.ru/foto-alboms/alboms/astrahanskiy-kreml/?q=488&albm=1144

http://www.komarkelov.ru/gallery/gorod/

http://www.arhinovosti.ru/2012/06/05/zapiski-puteshestvennicy-astrakhan/

http://redigo.ru/geo/Europe/Russia/poi/51633/media/photo/1

http://volgacache.ru/2011/07/18/lotosy-kreml-i-solenye-ozera.html

http://astrsobor.ru/e-e-skroznikov-astrakhanskijj-kreml/

http://visualrian.ru/en/site/lightbox/3156/?startfrom=0

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